Neurological Surgery is a discipline of medicine and that specialty of surgery which provides the operative and nonoperative management (ie, prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, critical care, and rehabilitation) of disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their supporting structures and vascular supply; the evaluation and treatment of pathological processes that modify the function or activity of the nervous system, including the hypophysis: and the operative and nonoperative management of pain. As such, neurological surgery encompasses the surgical, nonsurgical and stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of adult and pediatric patients with disorders of the nervous system: disorders of the brain, meninges, skull base, and their blood supply, including the surgical and endovascular treatment of disorders of the intracranial and extracranial vasculature supplying the brain and spinal cord; disorders of the pituitary gland; disorders of the spinal cord, meninges, and vertebral column, including those that may require treatment by fusion, instrumentation, or endovascular techniques; and disorders of the cranial and spinal nerves throughout their distribution.

Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include:

• Spinal disc herniation
• Spinal stenosis
• Hydrocephalus
• Head trauma (brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)
• Spinal cord trauma
• Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves
• Brain tumors
• Tumors of the spine, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
• Cerebral aneurysms
• Some forms of hemorrhagic stroke, such as subarachnoid hemorrhages, as well as intraparenchymal and intraventricular hemorrhages
• Some forms of pharmacologically resistant epilepsy
• Some forms of movement disorders (advanced Parkinson's disease, chorea, hemiballism) - this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive stereotactic techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery)
• Intractable pain of cancer or trauma patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain
• Some forms of intractable psychiatric disorders
• Malformations of the nervous system
• Carotid artery stenosis
• Vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral neuropathies such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and ulnar neuropathy
• Moyamoya disease
• Congenital malformations of the nervous system, including spina bifida and craniosynostosis.

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